VII
THEMODERNSURRENDEROFWOMAN
ButinthiscornercalledEngland，atthisendofthecentury，therehashappenedastrangeandstartlingthing。Openlyandtoallappearance，thisancestralconflicthassilentlyandabruptlyended；
oneofthetwosexeshassuddenlysurrenderedtotheother。
Bythebeginningofthetwentiethcentury，withinthelastfewyears，thewomanhasinpublicsurrenderedtotheman。
Shehasseriouslyandofficiallyownedthatthemanhasbeenrightallalong；thatthepublichouse（orParliament）isreallymoreimportantthantheprivatehouse；thatpoliticsarenot（aswomanhadalwaysmaintained）anexcuseforpotsofbeer，butareasacredsolemnitytowhichnewfemaleworshipersmaykneel；
thatthetalkativepatriotsinthetavernarenotonlyadmirablebutenviable；thattalkisnotawasteoftime，andtherefore（asaconsequence，surely）thattavernsarenotawasteofmoney。
Allwemenhadgrownusedtoourwivesandmothers，andgrandmothers，andgreatauntsallpouringachorusofcontemptuponourhobbiesofsport，drinkandpartypolitics。
AndnowcomesMissPankhurstwithtearsinhereyes，owningthatallthewomenwerewrongandallthemenwereright；
humblyimploringtobeadmittedintosomuchasanoutercourt，fromwhichshemaycatchaglimpseofthosemasculinemeritswhichhererringsistershadsothoughtlesslyscorned。
Nowthisdevelopmentnaturallyperturbsandevenparalyzesus。
Males，likefemales，inthecourseofthatoldfightbetweenthepublicandprivatehouse，hadindulgedinoverstatementandextravagance，feelingthattheymustkeepuptheirendofthesee-saw。WetoldourwivesthatParliamenthadsatlateonmostessentialbusiness；
butitnevercrossedourmindsthatourwiveswouldbelieveit。
Wesaidthateveryonemusthaveavoteinthecountry；similarlyourwivessaidthatnoonemusthaveapipeinthedrawingroom。
Inbothcasestheideawasthesame。\"Itdoesnotmattermuch，butifyouletthosethingsslidethereischaos。\"WesaidthatLordHugginsorMr。Bugginswasabsolutelynecessarytothecountry。
Weknewquitewellthatnothingisnecessarytothecountryexceptthatthemenshouldbemenandthewomenwomen。
Weknewthis；wethoughtthewomenknewitevenmoreclearly；
andwethoughtthewomenwouldsayit。Suddenly，withoutwarning，thewomenhavebeguntosayallthenonsensethatweourselveshardlybelievedwhenwesaidit。Thesolemnityofpolitics；
thenecessityofvotes；thenecessityofHuggins；thenecessityofBuggins；alltheseflowinapellucidstreamfromthelipsofallthesuffragettespeakers。Isupposeineveryfight，howeverold，onehasavagueaspirationtoconquer；butweneverwantedtoconquerwomensocompletelyasthis。Weonlyexpectedthattheymightleaveusalittlemoremarginforournonsense；
weneverexpectedthattheywouldacceptitseriouslyassense。
ThereforeIamallatseaabouttheexistingsituation；
Iscarcelyknowwhethertoberelievedorenragedbythissubstitutionofthefeebleplatformlecturefortheforciblecurtain-lecture。IamlostwithoutthetrenchantandcandidMrs。Caudle。IreallydonotknowwhattodowiththeprostrateandpenitentMissPankhurst。Thissurrenderofthemodemwomanhastakenusallsomuchbysurprisethatitisdesirabletopauseamoment，andcollectourwitsaboutwhatsheisreallysaying。
AsIhavealreadyremarked，thereisoneverysimpleanswertoallthis；
thesearenotthemodernwomen，butaboutoneintwothousandofthemodernwomen。Thisfactisimportanttoademocrat；
butitisofverylittleimportancetothetypicallymodernmind。
Boththecharacteristicmodernpartiesbelievedinagovernmentbythefew；theonlydifferenceiswhetheritistheConservativefeworProgressivefew。Itmightbeput，somewhatcoarselyperhaps，bysayingthatonebelievesinanyminoritythatisrichandtheotherinanyminoritythatismad。Butinthisstateofthingsthedemocraticargumentobviouslyfallsoutforthemoment；andweareboundtotaketheprominentminority，merelybecauseitisprominent。
Letuseliminatealtogetherfromourmindsthethousandsofwomenwhodetestthiscause，andthemillionsofwomenwhohavehardlyheardofit。
LetusconcedethattheEnglishpeopleitselfisnotandwillnotbeforaverylongtimewithinthesphereofpracticalpolitics。
Letusconfineourselvestosayingthattheseparticularwomenwantavoteandtoaskingthemselveswhatavoteis。Ifweasktheseladiesourselveswhatavoteis，weshallgetaveryvaguereply。
Itistheonlyquestion，asarule，forwhichtheyarenotprepared。
Forthetruthisthattheygomainlybyprecedent；bythemerefactthatmenhavevotesalready。Sofarfrombeingamutinousmovement，itisreallyaveryConservativeone；itisinthenarrowestrutoftheBritishConstitution。Letustakealittlewiderandfreersweepofthoughtandaskourselveswhatistheultimatepointandmeaningofthisoddbusinesscalledvoting。
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VIII
THEBRANDOFTHEFLEUR-DE-LIS
Seeminglyfromthedawnofmanallnationshavehadgovernments；
andallnationshavebeenashamedofthem。Nothingismoreopenlyfallaciousthantofancythatinruderorsimpleragesruling，judgingandpunishingappearedperfectlyinnocentanddignified。
ThesethingswerealwaysregardedasthepenaltiesoftheFall；
aspartofthehumiliationofmankind，asbadinthemselves。
Thatthekingcandonowrongwasneveranythingbutalegalfiction；
anditisalegalfictionstill。ThedoctrineofDivineRightwasnotapieceofidealism，butratherapieceofrealism，apracticalwayofrulingamidtheruinofhumanity；averypragmatistpieceoffaith。
Thereligiousbasisofgovernmentwasnotsomuchthatpeopleputtheirtrustinprinces，asthattheydidnotputtheirtrustinanychildofman。Itwassowithalltheuglyinstitutionswhichdisfigurehumanhistory。Tortureandslaverywerenevertalkedofasgoodthings；theywerealwaystalkedofasnecessaryevils。
Apaganspokeofonemanowningtenslavesjustasamodernbusinessmanspeaksofonemerchantsackingtenclerks：\"It\'sveryhorrible；
buthowelsecansocietybeconducted？\"Amediaevalscholasticregardedthepossibilityofamanbeingburnedtodeathjustasamodernbusinessmanregardsthepossibilityofamanbeingstarvedtodeath：
\"Itisashockingtorture；butcanyouorganizeapainlessworld？\"
Itispossiblethatafuturesocietymayfindawayofdoingwithoutthequestionbyhungeraswehavedonewithoutthequestionbyfire。
Itisequallypossible，forthematterofthat，thatafuturesocietymayreestablishlegaltorturewiththewholeapparatusofrackandfagot。
Themostmodernofcountries，America，hasintroducedwithavaguesavorofscience，amethodwhichitcalls\"thethirddegree。\"
Thisissimplytheextortionofsecretsbynervousfatigue；
whichissurelyuncommonlyclosetotheirextortionbybodilypain。
AndthisislegalandscientificinAmerica。AmateurordinaryAmerica，ofcourse，simplyburnspeoplealiveinbroaddaylight，astheydidintheReformationWars。Butthoughsomepunishmentsaremoreinhumanthanothersthereisnosuchthingashumanepunishment。
Aslongasnineteenmenclaimtherightinanysenseorshapetotakeholdofthetwentiethmanandmakehimevenmildlyuncomfortable，solongthewholeproceedingmustbeahumiliatingoneforallconcerned。
Andtheproofofhowpoignantlymenhavealwaysfeltthisliesinthefactthattheheadsmanandthehangman，thejailorsandthetorturers，werealwaysregardednotmerelywithfearbutwithcontempt；
whileallkindsofcarelesssmiters，bankruptknightsandswashbucklersandoutlaws，wereregardedwithindulgenceorevenadmiration。Tokillamanlawlesslywaspardoned。Tokillamanlawfullywasunpardonable。
Themostbare-facedduelistmightalmostbrandishhisweapon。
Buttheexecutionerwasalwaysmasked。
Thisisthefirstessentialelementingovernment，coercion；anecessarybutnotanobleelement。Imayremarkinpassingthatwhenpeoplesaythatgovernmentrestsonforcetheygiveanadmirableinstanceofthefoggyandmuddledcynicismofmodernity。Governmentdoesnotrestonforce。Governmentisforce；itrestsonconsentoraconceptionofjustice。Akingoracommunityholdingacertainthingtobeabnormal，evil，usesthegeneralstrengthtocrushitout；
thestrengthishistool，butthebeliefishisonlysanction。
Youmightaswellsaythatglassistherealreasonfortelescopes。
Butarisingfromwhateverreasontheactofgovernmentiscoerciveandisburdenedwithallthecoarseandpainfulqualitiesofcoercion。
Andifanyoneaskswhatistheuseofinsistingontheuglinessofthistaskofstateviolencesinceallmankindiscondemnedtoemployit，Ihaveasimpleanswertothat。Itwouldbeuselesstoinsistonitifallhumanitywerecondemnedtoit。
ButitisnotirrelevanttoinsistonitsuglinesssolongashalfofhumanityiskeptoutofitAllgovernmenttheniscoercive；wehappentohavecreatedagovernmentwhichisnotonlycoercive；butcollective。
Thereareonlytwokindsofgovernment，asIhavealreadysaid，thedespoticandthedemocratic。Aristocracyisnotagovernment，itisariot；thatmosteffectivekindofriot，ariotoftherich。Themostintelligentapologistsofaristocracy，sophistslikeBurkeandNietzsche，haveneverclaimedforaristocracyanyvirtuesbutthevirtuesofariot，theaccidentalvirtues，courage，varietyandadventure。
Thereisnocaseanywhereofaristocracyhavingestablishedauniversalandapplicableorder，asdespotsanddemocracieshaveoftendone；
asthelastCaesarscreatedtheRomanlaw，asthelastJacobinscreatedtheCodeNapoleon。Withthefirstoftheseelementaryformsofgovernment，thatofthekingorchieftain，wearenotinthismatterofthesexesimmediatelyconcerned。Weshallreturntoitlaterwhenweremarkhowdifferentlymankindhasdealtwithfemaleclaimsinthedespoticasagainstthedemocraticfield。
Butforthemomenttheessentialpointisthatinself-governingcountriesthiscoercionofcriminalsisacollectivecoercion。
Theabnormalpersonistheoreticallythumpedbyamillionfistsandkickedbyamillionfeet。Ifamanisfloggedweallfloggedhim；ifamanishanged，weallhangedhim。
Thatistheonlypossiblemeaningofdemocracy，whichcangiveanymeaningtothefirsttwosyllablesandalsotothelasttwo。
Inthissenseeachcitizenhasthehighresponsibilityofarioter。
Everystatuteisadeclarationofwar，tobebackedbyarms。
Everytribunalisarevolutionarytribunal。Inarepublicallpunishmentisassacredandsolemnaslynching。
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IX
SINCERITYANDTHEGALLOWS
When，therefore，itissaidthatthetraditionagainstFemaleSuffragekeepswomenoutofactivity，socialinfluenceandcitizenship，letusalittlemoresoberlyandstrictlyaskourselveswhatitactuallydoeskeepheroutof。Itdoesdefinitelykeepheroutofthecollectiveactofcoercion；theactofpunishmentbyamob。
Thehumantraditiondoessaythat，iftwentymenhangamanfromatreeorlamp-post，theyshallbetwentymenandnotwomen。
NowIdonotthinkanyreasonableSuffragistwilldenythatexclusionfromthisfunction，tosaytheleastofit，mightbemaintainedtobeaprotectionaswellasaveto。
NocandidpersonwillwhollydismissthepropositionthattheideaofhavingaLordChancellorbutnotaLadyChancellormayatleastbeconnectedwiththeideaofhavingaheadsmanbutnotaheadswoman，ahangmanbutnotahangwoman。Norwillitbeadequatetoanswer（asissooftenansweredtothiscontention）thatinmoderncivilizationwomenwouldnotreallyberequiredtocapture，tosentence，ortoslay；thatallthisisdoneindirectly，thatspecialistskillourcriminalsastheykillourcattle。
Tourgethisisnottourgetherealityofthevote，buttourgeitsunreality。Democracywasmeanttobeamoredirectwayofruling，notamoreindirectway；andifwedonotfeelthatwearealljailers，somuchtheworseforus，andfortheprisoners。
Ifitisreallyanunwomanlythingtolockuparobberoratyrant，itoughttobenosofteningofthesituationthatthewomandoesnotfeelasifsheweredoingthethingthatshecertainlyisdoing。Itisbadenoughthatmencanonlyassociateonpaperwhocouldonceassociateinthestreet；
itisbadenoughthatmenhavemadeavoteverymuchofafiction。
Itismuchworsethatagreatclassshouldclaimthevotebecauseitisafiction，whowouldbesickenedbyitifitwereafact。
Ifvotesforwomendonotmeanmobsforwomentheydonotmeanwhattheyweremeanttomean。Awomancanmakeacrossonapaperaswellasaman；achildcoulddoitaswellasawoman；
andachimpanzeeafterafewlessonscoulddoitaswellasachild。
Butnobodyoughttoregarditmerelyasmakingacrossonpaper；
everyoneoughttoregarditaswhatitultimatelyis，brandingthefleur-de-lis，markingthebroadarrow，signingthedeathwarrant。
Bothmenandwomenoughttofacemorefullythethingstheydoorcausetobedone；facethemorleaveoffdoingthem。
Onthatdisastrousdaywhenpublicexecutionswereabolished，privateexecutionswererenewedandratified，perhapsforever。
Thingsgrosslyunsuitedtothemoralsentimentofasocietycannotbesafelydoneinbroaddaylight；butIseenoreasonwhyweshouldnotstillberoastinghereticsalive，inaprivateroom。
Itisverylikely（tospeakinthemannerfoolishlycalledIrish）
thatiftherewerepublicexecutionstherewouldbenoexecutions。
Theoldopen-airpunishments，thepilloryandthegibbet，atleastfixedresponsibilityuponthelaw；andinactualpracticetheygavethemobanopportunityofthrowingrosesaswellasrotteneggs；
ofcrying\"Hosannah\"aswellas\"Crucify。\"ButIdonotlikethepublicexecutionerbeingturnedintotheprivateexecutioner。
Ithinkitisacrookedoriental，sinistersortofbusiness，andsmellsoftheharemandthedivanratherthanoftheforumandthemarketplace。Inmoderntimestheofficialhaslostallthesocialhonoranddignityofthecommonhangman。
Heisonlythebearerofthebowstring。
Here，however，Isuggestapleaforabrutalpublicityonlyinordertoemphasizethefactthatitisthisbrutalpublicityandnothingelsefromwhichwomenhavebeenexcluded。
Ialsosayittoemphasizethefactthatthemeremodernveilingofthebrutalitydoesnotmakethesituationdifferent，unlessweopenlysaythatwearegivingthesuffrage，notonlybecauseitispowerbutbecauseitisnot，orinotherwords，thatwomenarenotsomuchtovoteastoplayvoting。
Nosuffragist，Isuppose，willtakeupthatposition；andafewsuffragistswillwhollydenythatthishumannecessityofpainsandpenaltiesisanugly，humiliatingbusiness，andthatgoodmotivesaswellasbadmayhavehelpedtokeepwomenoutofit。
MorethanonceIhaveremarkedinthesepagesthatfemalelimitationsmaybethelimitsofatempleaswellasofaprison，thedisabilitiesofapriestandnotofapariah。
Inotedit，Ithink，inthecaseofthepontificalfemininedress。
Inthesamewayitisnotevidentlyirrational，ifmendecidedthatawoman，likeapriest，mustnotbeashedderofblood。
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X
THEHIGHERANARCHY
Butthereisafurtherfact；forgottenalsobecausewemodernsforgetthatthereisafemalepointofview。
Thewoman\'swisdomstandspartly，notonlyforawholesomehesitationaboutpunishment，butevenforawholesomehesitationaboutabsoluterules。TherewassomethingfeminineandperverselytrueinthatphraseofWilde\'s，thatpeopleshouldnotbetreatedastherule，butallofthemasexceptions。
Madebyamantheremarkwasalittleeffeminate；forWildedidlackthemasculinepowerofdogmaandofdemocraticcooperation。
Butifawomanhadsaidititwouldhavebeensimplytrue；
awomandoestreateachpersonasapeculiarperson。
Inotherwords，shestandsforAnarchy；averyancientandarguablephilosophy；notanarchyinthesenseofhavingnocustomsinone\'slife（whichisinconceivable），butanarchyinthesenseofhavingnorulesforone\'smind。
Toher，almostcertainly，aredueallthoseworkingtraditionsthatcannotbefoundinbooks，especiallythoseofeducation；
itwasshewhofirstgaveachildastuffedstockingforbeinggoodorstoodhiminthecornerforbeingnaughty。
Thisunclassifiedknowledgeissometimescalledruleofthumbandsometimesmotherwit。Thelastphrasesuggeststhewholetruth，fornoneevercalleditfatherwit。
Nowanarchyisonlytactwhenitworksbadly。Tactisonlyanarchywhenitworkswell。Andweoughttorealizethatinonehalfoftheworld——theprivatehouse——itdoesworkwell。Wemodernmenareperpetuallyforgettingthatthecaseforclearrulesandcrudepenaltiesisnotself-evident，thatthereisagreatdealtobesaidforthebenevolentlawlessnessoftheautocrat，especiallyonasmallscale；inshort，thatgovernmentisonlyonesideoflife。
TheotherhalfiscalledSociety，inwhichwomenareadmittedlydominant。
Andtheyhavealwaysbeenreadytomaintainthattheirkingdomisbettergovernedthanours，because（inthelogicalandlegalsense）
itisnotgovernedatall。\"Wheneveryouhavearealdifficulty，\"
theysay，\"whenaboyisbumptiousoranauntisstingy，whenasillygirlwillmarrysomebody，orawickedmanwon\'tmarrysomebody，allyourlumberingRomanLawandBritishConstitutioncometoastandstill。
Asnubfromaduchessoraslangingfromafish-wifearemuchmorelikelytoputthingsstraight。\"So，atleast，rangtheancientfemalechallengedowntheagesuntiltherecentfemalecapitulation。
SostreamedtheredstandardofthehigheranarchyuntilMissPankhursthoistedthewhiteflag。
Itmustberememberedthatthemodernworldhasdonedeeptreasontotheeternalintellectbybelievingintheswingofthependulum。
Amanmustbedeadbeforeheswings。Ithassubstitutedanideaoffatalisticalternationforthemediaevalfreedomofthesoulseekingtruth。Allmodernthinkersarereactionaries；fortheirthoughtisalwaysareactionfromwhatwentbefore。Whenyoumeetamodernmanheisalwayscomingfromaplace，notgoingtoit。
Thus，mankindhasinnearlyallplacesandperiodsseenthatthereisasoulandabodyasplainlyasthatthereisasunandmoon。
ButbecauseanarrowProtestantsectcalledMaterialistsdeclaredforashorttimethattherewasnosoul，anothernarrowProtestantsectcalledChristianScienceisnowmaintainingthatthereisnobody。
NowjustinthesamewaytheunreasonableneglectofgovernmentbytheManchesterSchoolhasproduced，notareasonableregardforgovernment，butanunreasonableneglectofeverythingelse。
Sothattohearpeopletalkto-dayonewouldfancythateveryimportanthumanfunctionmustbeorganizedandavengedbylaw；
thatalleducationmustbestateeducation，andallemploymentstateemployment；thateverybodyandeverythingmustbebroughttothefootoftheaugustandprehistoricgibbet。
Butasomewhatmoreliberalandsympatheticexaminationofmankindwillconvinceusthatthecrossisevenolderthanthegibbet，thatvoluntarysufferingwasbeforeandindependentofcompulsory；
andinshortthatinmostimportantmattersamanhasalwaysbeenfreetoruinhimselfifhechose。Thehugefundamentalfunctionuponwhichallanthropologyturns，thatofsexandchildbirth，hasneverbeeninsidethepoliticalstate，butalwaysoutsideofit。
Thestateconcerneditselfwiththetrivialquestionofkillingpeople，butwiselyleftalonethewholebusinessofgettingthemborn。
AEugenistmightindeedplausiblysaythatthegovernmentisanabsent-mindedandinconsistentpersonwhooccupieshimselfwithprovidingfortheoldageofpeoplewhohaveneverbeeninfants。
IwillnotdealhereinanydetailwiththefactthatsomeEugenistshaveinourtimemadethemaniacalanswerthatthepoliceoughttocontrolmarriageandbirthastheycontrollaboranddeath。
Exceptforthisinhumanhandful（withwhomIregrettosayIshallhavetodealwithlater）alltheEugenistsIknowdividethemselvesintotwosections：ingeniouspeoplewhooncemeantthis，andratherbewilderedpeoplewhosweartheynevermeantit——noranythingelse。
Butifitbeconceded（byabreezierestimateofmen）thattheydomostlydesiremarriagetoremainfreefromgovernment，itdoesnotfollowthattheydesireittoremainfreefromeverything。Ifmandoesnotcontrolthemarriagemarketbylaw，isitcontrolledatall？
Surelytheanswerisbroadlythatmandoesnotcontrolthemarriagemarketbylaw，butthewomandoescontrolitbysympathyandprejudice。
Therewasuntillatelyalawforbiddingamantomarryhisdeceasedwife\'ssister；yetthethinghappenedconstantly。Therewasnolawforbiddingamantomarryhisdeceasedwife\'sscullery-maid；yetitdidnothappennearlysooften。Itdidnothappenbecausethemarriagemarketismanagedinthespiritandbytheauthorityofwomen；
andwomenaregenerallyconservativewhereclassesareconcerned。
Itisthesamewiththatsystemofexclusivenessbywhichladieshavesooftencontrived（asbyaprocessofelimination）
topreventmarriagesthattheydidnotwantandevensometimesprocurethosetheydid。Thereisnoneedofthebroadarrowandthefleur-delis，theturnkey\'schainsorthehangman\'shalter。
Youneednotstrangleamanifyoucansilencehim。Thebrandedshoulderislesseffectiveandfinalthanthecoldshoulder；
andyouneednottroubletolockamaninwhenyoucanlockhimout。
Thesame，ofcourse，istrueofthecolossalarchitecturewhichwecallinfanteducation：anarchitecturerearedwhollybywomen。
Nothingcaneverovercomethatoneenormoussexsuperiority，thateventhemalechildisbornclosertohismotherthantohisfather。
Noone，staringatthatfrightfulfemaleprivilege，canquitebelieveintheequalityofthesexes。Hereandtherewereadofagirlbroughtuplikeatom-boy；buteveryboyisbroughtuplikeatamegirl。Thefleshandspiritoffemininitysurroundhimfromthefirstlikethefourwallsofahouse；andeventhevaguestormostbrutalmanhasbeenwomanizedbybeingborn。
Manthatisbornofawomanhasshortdaysandfullofmisery；
butnobodycanpicturetheobscenityandbestialtragedythatwouldbelongtosuchamonsterasmanthatwasbornofaman。
***
XI
THEQUEENANDTHESUFFRAGETTES
But，indeed，withthiseducationalmatterImustofnecessityembroilmyselflater。Thefourthsectionofdiscussionissupposedtobeaboutthechild，butIthinkitwillbemostlyaboutthemother。
InthisplaceIhavesystematicallyinsistedonthelargepartoflifethatisgoverned，notbymanwithhisvote，butbywomanwithhervoice，ormoreoften，withherhorriblesilence。
Onlyonethingremainstobeadded。Inasprawlingandexplanatorystylehasbeentracedouttheideathatgovernmentisultimatelycoercion，thatcoercionmustmeancolddefinitionsaswellascruelconsequences，andthatthereforethereissomethingtobesaidfortheoldhumanhabitofkeepingone-halfofhumanityoutofsoharshanddirtyabusiness。
Butthecaseisstrongerstill。
Votingisnotonlycoercion，butcollectivecoercion。
IthinkQueenVictoriawouldhavebeenyetmorepopularandsatisfyingifshehadneversignedadeathwarrant。IthinkQueenElizabethwouldhavestoodoutasmoresolidandsplendidinhistoryifshehadnotearned（amongthosewhohappentoknowherhistory）
thenicknameofBloodyBess。Ithink，inshort，thatthegreathistoricwomanismoreherselfwhensheispersuasiveratherthancoercive。
ButIfeelallmankindbehindmewhenIsaythatifawomanhasthispoweritshouldbedespoticpower——notdemocraticpower。
ThereisamuchstrongerhistoricargumentforgivingMissPankhurstathronethanforgivingheravote。Shemighthaveacrown，oratleastacoronet，likesomanyofhersupporters；
fortheseoldpowersarepurelypersonalandthereforefemale。
MissPankhurstasadespotmightbeasvirtuousasQueenVictoria，andshecertainlywouldfinditdifficulttobeaswickedasQueenBess，butthepointisthat，goodorbad，shewouldbeirresponsible——
shewouldnotbegovernedbyaruleandbyaruler。
Thereareonlytwowaysofgoverning：byaruleandbyaruler。
Anditisseriouslytruetosayofawoman，ineducationanddomesticity，thatthefreedomoftheautocratappearstobenecessarytoher。
Sheisneverresponsibleuntilsheisirresponsible。
Incasethissoundslikeanidlecontradiction，Iconfidentlyappealtothecoldfactsofhistory。Almosteverydespoticoroligarchicstatehasadmittedwomentoitsprivileges。
ScarcelyonedemocraticstatehaseveradmittedthemtoitsrightsThereasonisverysimple：thatsomethingfemaleisendangeredmuchmorebytheviolenceofthecrowd。Inshort，onePankhurstisanexception，butathousandPankhurstsareanightmare，aBacchicorgie，aWitchesSabbath。Forinalllegendsmenhavethoughtofwomenassublimeseparatelybuthorribleinaherd。
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XII
THEMODERNSLAVE
NowIhaveonlytakenthetestcaseofFemaleSuffragebecauseitistopicalandconcrete；itisnotofgreatmomentformeasapoliticalproposal。Icanquiteimagineanyonesubstantiallyagreeingwithmyviewofwomanasuniversalistandautocratinalimitedarea；andstillthinkingthatshewouldbenonetheworseforaballotpaper。Therealquestioniswhetherthisoldidealofwomanasthegreatamateurisadmittedornot。
Therearemanymodernthingswhichthreatenitmuchmorethansuffragism；notablytheincreaseofself-supportingwomen，eveninthemostsevereorthemostsqualidemployments。
Iftherebesomethingagainstnatureintheideaofahordeofwildwomengoverning，thereissomethingtrulyintolerableintheideaofaherdoftamewomenbeinggoverned。
Andthereareelementsinhumanpsychologythatmakethissituationparticularlypoignantorignominous。
Theuglyexactitudesofbusiness，thebellsandclocksthefixedhoursandrigiddepartments，wereallmeantforthemale：
who，asarule，canonlydoonethingandcanonlywiththegreatestdifficultybeinducedtodothat。Ifclerksdonottrytoshirktheirwork，ourwholegreatcommercialsystembreaksdown。
Itisbreakingdown，undertheinroadofwomenwhoareadoptingtheunprecedentedandimpossiblecourseoftakingthesystemseriouslyanddoingitwell。Theirveryefficiencyisthedefinitionoftheirslavery。Itisgenerallyaverybadsignwhenoneistrustedverymuchbyone\'semployers。
Andiftheevasiveclerkshavealookofbeingblackguards，theearnestladiesareoftensomethingverylikeblacklegs。
Butthemoreimmediatepointisthatthemodernworkingwomanbearsadoubleburden，forsheenduresboththegrindingofficialismofthenewofficeandthedistractingscrupulosityoftheoldhome。
Fewmenunderstandwhatconscientiousnessis。Theyunderstandduty，whichgenerallymeansoneduty；butconscientiousnessisthedutyoftheuniversalist。Itislimitedbynoworkdaysorholidays；itisalawless，limitless，devouringdecorum。
Ifwomenaretobesubjectedtothedullruleofcommerce，wemustfindsomewayofemancipatingthemfromthewildruleofconscience。ButIratherfancyyouwillfinditeasiertoleavetheconscienceandknockoffthecommerce。
Asitis，themodernclerkorsecretaryexhaustsherselftoputonethingstraightintheledgerandthengoeshometoputeverythingstraightinthehouse。
Thiscondition（describedbysomeasemancipated）isatleastthereverseofmyideal。Iwouldgivewoman，notmorerights，butmoreprivileges。Insteadofsendinghertoseeksuchfreedomasnotoriouslyprevailsinbanksandfactories，Iwoulddesignspeciallyahouseinwhichshecanbefree。
Andwiththatwecometothelastpointofall；thepointatwhichwecanperceivetheneedsofwomen，liketherightsofmen，stoppedandfalsifiedbysomethingwhichitistheobjectofthisbooktoexpose。
TheFeminist（whichmeans，Ithink，onewhodislikesthechieffemininecharacteristics）hasheardmyloosemonologue，burstingallthetimewithonepent-upprotest。
Atthispointhewillbreakoutandsay，\"Butwhatarewetodo？
Thereismoderncommerceanditsclerks；thereisthemodernfamilywithitsunmarrieddaughters；specialismisexpectedeverywhere；
femalethriftandconscientiousnessaredemandedandsupplied。
Whatdoesitmatterwhetherweshouldintheabstractprefertheoldhumanandhousekeepingwoman；wemightprefertheGardenofEden。Butsincewomenhavetradestheyoughttohavetradesunions。
Sincewomenworkinfactories，theyoughttovoteonfactory-acts。Iftheyareunmarriedtheymustbecommercial；iftheyarecommercialtheymustbepolitical。Wemusthavenewrulesforanewworld——
evenifitbenotabetterone。\"IsaidtoaFeministonce：
\"Thequestionisnotwhetherwomenaregoodenoughforvotes：
itiswhethervotesaregoodenoughforwomen。\"Heonlyanswered：
\"Ah，yougoandsaythattothewomenchain-makersonCradleyHeath。\"
NowthisistheattitudewhichIattack。ItisthehugeheresyofPrecedent。Itistheviewthatbecausewehavegotintoamesswemustgrowmessiertosuitit；thatbecausewehavetakenawrongturnsometimeagowemustgoforwardandnotbackwards；
thatbecausewehavelostourwaywemustloseourmapalso；
andbecausewehavemissedourideal，wemustforgetit。
\"Therearenumbersofexcellentpeoplewhodonotthinkvotesunfeminine；
andtheremaybeenthusiastsforourbeautifulmodernindustrywhodonotthinkfactoriesunfeminine。Butifthesethingsareunfeminineitisnoanswertosaythattheyfitintoeachother。
Iamnotsatisfiedwiththestatementthatmydaughtermusthaveunwomanlypowersbecauseshehasunwomanlywrongs。
Industrialsootandpoliticalprinter\'sinkaretwoblackswhichdonotmakeawhite。MostoftheFeministswouldprobablyagreewithmethatwomanhoodisundershamefultyrannyintheshopsandmills。
ButIwanttodestroythetyranny。Theywanttodestroywomanhood。
Thatistheonlydifference。
Whetherwecanrecovertheclearvisionofwomanasatowerwithmanywindows，thefixedeternalfemininefromwhichhersons，thespecialists，goforth；whetherwecanpreservethetraditionofacentralthingwhichisevenmorehumanthandemocracyandevenmorepracticalthanpolitics；whether，inword，itispossibletore-establishthefamily，freedfromthefilthycynicismandcrueltyofthecommercialepoch，Ishalldiscussinthelastsectionofthisbook。Butmeanwhiledonottalktomeaboutthepoorchain-makersonCradleyHeath。Iknowallaboutthemandwhattheyaredoing。Theyareengagedinaverywide-spreadandflourishingindustryofthepresentage。
Theyaremakingchains。
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PARTFOUR
EDUCATION：ORTHEMISTAKEABOUTTHECHILD
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I
THECALVINISMOFTO-DAY
WhenIwrotealittlevolumeonmyfriendMr。BernardShaw，itisneedlesstosaythathereviewedit。InaturallyfelttemptedtoanswerandtocriticisethebookfromthesamedisinterestedandimpartialstandpointfromwhichMr。Shawhadcriticisedthesubjectofit。
Iwasnotwithheldbyanyfeelingthatthejokewasgettingalittleobvious；foranobviousjokeisonlyasuccessfuljoke；itisonlytheunsuccessfulclownswhocomfortthemselveswithbeingsubtle。
TherealreasonwhyIdidnotanswerMr。Shaw\'samusingattackwasthis：
thatonesimplephraseinitsurrenderedtomeallthatI
haveeverwanted，orcouldwantfromhimtoalleternity。
ItoldMr。Shaw（insubstance）thathewasacharmingandcleverfellow，butacommonCalvinist。Headmittedthatthiswastrue，andthere（sofarasIamconcerned）isanendofthematter。
Hesaidthat，ofcourse，Calvinwasquiterightinholdingthat\"ifonceamanisbornitistoolatetodamnorsavehim。\"
Thatisthefundamentalandsubterraneansecret；thatisthelastlieinhell。
ThedifferencebetweenPuritanismandCatholicismisnotaboutwhethersomepriestlywordorgestureissignificantandsacred。
Itisaboutwhetheranywordorgestureissignificantandsacred。
TotheCatholiceveryotherdailyactisdramaticdedicationtotheserviceofgoodorofevil。TotheCalvinistnoactcanhavethatsortofsolemnity，becausethepersondoingithasbeendedicatedfrometernity，andismerelyfillinguphistimeuntilthecrackofdoom。Thedifferenceissomethingsubtlerthanplum-puddingsorprivatetheatricals；
thedifferenceisthattoaChristianofmykindthisshortearthlylifeisintenselythrillingandprecious；toaCalvinistlikeMr。Shawitisconfessedlyautomaticanduninteresting。
Tomethesethreescoreyearsandtenarethebattle。
TotheFabianCalvinist（byhisownconfession）theyareonlyalongprocessionofthevictorsinlaurelsandthevanquishedinchains。
Tomeearthlylifeisthedrama；tohimitistheepilogue。
Shaviansthinkabouttheembryo；Spiritualistsabouttheghost；
Christiansabouttheman。Itisaswelltohavethesethingsclear。
NowalloursociologyandeugenicsandtherestofitarenotsomuchmaterialistasconfusedlyCalvinist，theyarechieflyoccupiedineducatingthechildbeforeheexists。
Thewholemovementisfullofasingulardepressionaboutwhatonecandowiththepopulace，combinedwithastrangedisembodiedgayetyaboutwhatmaybedonewithposterity。
TheseessentialCalvinistshave，indeed，abolishedsomeofthemoreliberalanduniversalpartsofCalvinism，suchasthebeliefinanintellectualdesignoraneverlastinghappiness。
ButthoughMr。Shawandhisfriendsadmititisasuperstitionthatamanisjudgedafterdeath，theysticktotheircentraldoctrine，thatheisjudgedbeforeheisborn。
InconsequenceofthisatmosphereofCalvinismintheculturedworldofto-day，itisapparentlynecessarytobeginallargumentsoneducationwithsomementionofobstetricsandtheunknownworldoftheprenatal。
AllIshallhavetosay，however，onhereditywillbeverybrief，becauseIshallconfinemyselftowhatisknownaboutit，andthatisverynearlynothing。Itisbynomeansself-evident，butitisacurrentmoderndogma，thatnothingactuallyentersthebodyatbirthexceptalifederivedandcompoundedfromtheparents。ThereisatleastquiteasmuchtobesaidfortheChristiantheorythatanelementcomesfromGod，ortheBuddhisttheorythatsuchanelementcomesfrompreviousexistences。
Butthisisnotareligiouswork，andImustsubmittothoseverynarrowintellectuallimitswhichtheabsenceoftheologyalwaysimposes。
Leavingthesoulononeside，letussupposeforthesakeofargumentthatthehumancharacterinthefirstcasecomeswhollyfromparents；
andthenletuscurtlystateourknowledgeratherthanourignorance。
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II
THETRIBALTERROR
Popularscience，likethatofMr。Blatchford，isinthismatterasmildasoldwives\'tales。Mr。Blatchford，withcolossalsimplicity，explainedtomillionsofclerksandworkingmenthatthemotherislikeabottleofbluebeadsandthefatherislikeabottleofyellowbeads；
andsothechildislikeabottleofmixedbluebeadsandyellow。
Hemightjustaswellhavesaidthatifthefatherhastwolegsandthemotherhastwolegs，thechildwillhavefourlegs。
Obviouslyitisnotaquestionofsimpleadditionorsimpledivisionofanumberofharddetached\"qualities，\"likebeads。
Itisanorganiccrisisandtransformationofthemostmysterioussort；
sothateveniftheresultisunavoidable，itwillstillbeunexpected。
Itisnotlikebluebeadsmixedwithyellowbeads；itislikebluemixedwithyellow；theresultofwhichisgreen，atotallynovelanduniqueexperience，anewemotion。Amanmightliveinacompletecosmosofblueandyellow，likethe\"EdinburghReview\"；amanmightneverhaveseenanythingbutagoldencornfieldandasapphiresky；
andstillhemightneverhavehadsowildafancyasgreen。
Ifyoupaidasovereignforabluebell；ifyouspilledthemustardontheblue-books；ifyoumarriedacanarytoabluebaboon；
thereisnothinginanyofthesewildweddingsthatcontainsevenahintofgreen。Greenisnotamentalcombination，likeaddition；
itisaphysicalresultlikebirth。So，apartfromthefactthatnobodyeverreallyunderstandsparentsorchildreneither，yetevenifwecouldunderstandtheparents，wecouldnotmakeanyconjectureaboutthechildren。Eachtimetheforceworksinadifferentway；
eachtimetheconstituentcolorscombineintoadifferentspectacle。
Agirlmayactuallyinheritheruglinessfromhermother\'sgoodlooks。
Aboymayactuallygethisweaknessfromhisfather\'sstrength。
Evenifweadmititisreallyafate，forusitmustremainafairytale。
Consideredinregardtoitscauses，theCalvinistsandmaterialistsmayberightorwrong；weleavethemtheirdrearydebate。
Butconsideredinregardtoitsresultsthereisnodoubtaboutit。
Thethingisalwaysanewcolor；astrangestar。Everybirthisaslonelyasamiracle。Everychildisasuninvitedasamonstrosity。
Onallsuchsubjectsthereisnoscience，butonlyasortofardentignorance；andnobodyhaseverbeenabletoofferanytheoriesofmoralhereditywhichjustifiedthemselvesintheonlyscientificsense；
thatisthatonecouldcalculateonthembeforehand。Therearesixcases，say，ofagrandsonhavingthesametwitchofmouthorviceofcharacterashisgrandfather；orperhapstherearesixteencases，orperhapssixty。Buttherearenottwocases，thereisnotonecase，therearenocasesatall，ofanybodybettinghalfacrownthatthegrandfatherwillhaveagrandsonwiththetwitchorthevice。
Inshort，wedealwithheredityaswedealwithomens，affinitiesandthefulfillmentofdreams。Thethingsdohappen，andwhentheyhappenwerecordthem；butnotevenalunaticeverreckonsonthem。
Indeed，heredity，likedreamsandomens，isabarbaricnotion；thatis，notnecessarilyanuntrue，butadim，gropingandunsystematizednotion。
Acivilizedmanfeelshimselfalittlemorefreefromhisfamily。
BeforeChristianitythesetalesoftribaldoomoccupiedthesavagenorth；
andsincetheReformationandtherevoltagainstChristianity（whichisthereligionofacivilizedfreedom）savageryisslowlycreepingbackintheformofrealisticnovelsandproblemplays。
ThecurseofRougon-MacquartisasheathenandsuperstitiousasthecurseofRavenswood；onlynotsowellwritten。Butinthistwilightbarbaricsensethefeelingofaracialfateisnotirrational，andmaybeallowedlikeahundredotherhalfemotionsthatmakelifewhole。
Theonlyessentialoftragedyisthatoneshouldtakeitlightly。
ButevenwhenthebarbariandelugerosetoitshighestinthemaddernovelsofZola（suchasthatcalled\"TheHumanBeast\"，agrosslibelonbeastsaswellashumanity），eventhentheapplicationofthehereditaryideatopracticeisavowedlytimidandfumbling。
Thestudentsofheredityaresavagesinthisvitalsense；thattheystarebackatmarvels，buttheydarenotstareforwardtoschemes。
Inpracticenooneismadenoughtolegislateoreducateupondogmasofphysicalinheritance；andeventhelanguageofthethingisrarelyusedexceptforspecialmodernpurposes，suchastheendowmentofresearchortheoppressionofthepoor。
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III
THETRICKSOFENVIRONMENT
AfterallthemodernclatterofCalvinism，therefore，itisonlywiththebornchildthatanybodydarestodeal；
andthequestionisnoteugenicsbuteducation。Oragain，toadoptthatrathertiresometerminologyofpopularscience，itisnotaquestionofhereditybutofenvironment。
Iwillnotneedlesslycomplicatethisquestionbyurgingatlengththatenvironmentalsoisopentosomeoftheobjectionsandhesitationswhichparalyzetheemploymentofheredity。
Iwillmerelysuggestinpassingthatevenabouttheeffectofenvironmentmodernpeopletalkmuchtoocheerfullyandcheaply。
Theideathatsurroundingswillmoldamanisalwaysmixedupwiththetotallydifferentideathattheywillmoldhiminoneparticularway。Totakethebroadestcase，landscapenodoubtaffectsthesoul；buthowitaffectsitisquiteanothermatter。
Tobebornamongpine-treesmightmeanlovingpine-trees。
Itmightmeanloathingpine-trees。Itmightquiteseriouslymeanneverhavingseenapine-tree。Oritmightmeananymixtureoftheseoranydegreeofanyofthem。
Sothatthescientificmethodherelacksalittleinprecision。
Iamnotspeakingwithoutthebook；onthecontrary，Iamspeakingwiththebluebook，withtheguide-bookandtheatlas。
ItmaybethattheHighlandersarepoeticalbecausetheyinhabitmountains；butaretheSwissprosaicbecausetheyinhabitmountains？ItmaybetheSwisshavefoughtforfreedombecausetheyhadhills；didtheDutchfightforfreedombecausetheyhadn\'t？PersonallyIshouldthinkitquitelikely。
Environmentmightworknegativelyaswellaspositively。
TheSwissmaybesensible，notinspiteoftheirwildskyline，butbecauseoftheirwildskyline。TheFlemingsmaybefantasticartists，notinspiteoftheirdullskyline，butbecauseofit。
Ionlypauseonthisparenthesistoshowthat，eveninmattersadmittedlywithinitsrange，popularsciencegoesagreatdealtoofast，anddropsenormouslinksoflogic。
Nevertheless，itremainstheworkingrealitythatwhatwehavetodealwithinthecaseofchildrenis，forallpracticalpurposes，environment；or，tousetheolderword，education。
Whenallsuchdeductionsaremade，educationisatleastaformofwill-worship；notofcowardlyfact-worship；
itdealswithadepartmentthatwecancontrol；itdoesnotmerelydarkenuswiththebarbarianpessimismofZolaandtheheredity-hunt。Weshallcertainlymakefoolsofourselves；
thatiswhatismeantbyphilosophy。Butweshallnotmerelymakebeastsofourselves；whichisthenearestpopulardefinitionformerelyfollowingthelawsofNatureandcoweringunderthevengeanceofthefleshEducationcontainsmuchmoonshine；
butnotofthesortthatmakesmeremooncalvesandidiotstheslavesofasilvermagnet，theoneeyeoftheworld。
Inthisdecentarenatherearefads，butnotfrenzies。
Doubtlessweshalloftenfindamare\'snest；butitwillnotalwaysbethenightmare\'s。
